October 26, 2011
Feast of St. Evaristus, Pope and Martyr (c. 35 A.D.-108 A.D.)
St. Evaristus succeeded St Clement in the See of Rome during the reign of Trajan and governed the Church for about eight years, as the fourth successor of St. Peter. The Liber Pontificalis says that he was the son of a Hellenic Jew of Bethlehem. In his first epistle addressed to the bishops of Africa, Evaristus decreed that seven deacons were to monitor a bishop’s preaching, to ensure that he did not lapse from the true teachings.
I am struck today by three things:
— that Evaristus was born in Bethlehem;
— that he was Jewish; and
— that he ordered seven deacons to monitor the preaching of bishops in order that orthodoxy be preserved.
I am struck by these three things because they show us very clearly the following:
(1) The early Christian Church was rooted in Palestine, in the Holy Land; not only Jesus was born on Bethlehem, but also this Pope, the 5th in the line of Popes; the leadership of the early Church sprang from the land of Israel… even the leadership of the Church in Rome.
(2) The leadership of the early Christian Church was predominantly, almost exclusively, Jewish; the first Popes were Jews; it was an essentially Jewish movement that over decades and centuries became multi-ethnic and multi-national; it was a movement which, in its own self-consciousness, believed itself to be not only “a” legitimate expression of Judaism, but truly “the” legitimate expression of Judaism;
(3) The concern for orthodoxy, for purity in doctrine as well as purity in life (for “orthodoxy” as well as “orthopraxis“) was not something that emerged much later, after Constantine, or after the emergence of Catholic kings, as in Spain, with the concomitant desire to impose a type of political unity through doctrinal unity, even though the establishment of an inquisition, or after the Council of Trent, with the desire for doctrinal unity over against the defections from Catholic teaching preached by the Protestant Reformers; no, the concern for orthodoxy was very early, it was, as it were, woven into the “genetic code” of Christianity from the earliest years. Why was this so? Why did the early Christians wish to be sure that even there bishops be observed and admonished with regard to teaching the faith? Because the truth about the faith was important to early Christians, to men like Pope Evaristus. Truth was something to be vigilant about; truth was something that could be diluted, and lost; truth eas also something that could be known, recognized, preserved, guarded, protected, as something precious, something to be cherished, something worth fighting to retain.
The Fighting Nun in Rome
In this context, I was privileged this afternoon to spend time with Sister Margherita Marchione, the so-called “fighting nun,” who has spent 50 years battling to defend the truth about the life and activity of Pope Pius XII, who reigned from 1939 to 1958, during the time of the Second World War.
Sister Margherita, who hails from Morristown, New Jersey, where she lives in Villa Walsh convent, in the motherhouse of her order, the Religious Teachers Filippini, is now 89, and will soon turn 90.
She told me she is feeling a bit tired, and she has a slight cold.
Today may actually mark a shift in the historical fortunes of Pope Pius.
Today, for the first time in recent years, the City of Rome, in the person of its mayor, took a public position in favor of the war-time pontiff, expressing support for a project of Sister Marchione to open in Rome a museum dedicated solely to Pope Pius XII.
“It is not my personal decision to make,” said the mayor of Rome, the Honorable Giovanni Alemanno, who was present for the presentation of the museum project. The presentation occurred in the Pinacoteca of the Capitoline Museum, which sits atop the Capitoline Hill in the very center of Rome.
“It will be up to the city council to decide,” he continued. “But I think we will rapidly have a response, and I would be very happy if we would make the decision and launch the museum within one year, as an additional jewel dedicated to the memory of Pope Pius XII.”
(Here, Giovanni Alemanno, mayor of Rome, greets Cardinal Raffaele Farina, chief archivist of the Vatican, as he arrives to speak at the presentation of Sister Margherita Marchione’s project to create a museum in memory of Pope Pius XII in the city of Rome. Standing at the left is Dr. Livio Spinelli, who heads Sr. Margerita’s committee in Rome. Seated in the middle is Italian Senator Stefano De Lillo. Sister Margherita, age 89, is seated toward the end of the table in her black nun’s cap. Next to her, standing, is the Honorable Alessandro Vannini, an Italian congressman. Beyond him, on the large red poster of Pope Pius XII, is written “Pius XII: Defensor Civitatis” or “Pius XII: Defender of the City.” The large painting on the wall behind the poster is by Giovanni Maria Bottalla (1613-1644) and it depicts Joseph Sold By His Brothers. In the foreground, at the very bottom to the right, it is my hand that can be seen holding a sheet of paper.)
Why would the city council of Rome — which is, after all, a secular, not a religious, body — desire to honor Pope Pius XII, who is generally regarded in America and elsewhere as the controversial “silent Pope” who allegedly did not “speak out” against the Nazi persecution of the Jews?
Because the Romans are increasingly persuaded that the accusation against Pius is a calumny.
Because they are persuaded that Pope Pius not only saved the city of Rome from Allied and German bombardment, but also saved between 5,000 and 13,000 Jews in Rome from deportation by the Nazis in October 1943, by ordering Catholic monasteries, seminaries and convents to open their doors to Jewish refugees.
Indeed, the Vatican itself opened its own doors, and during 1943 and 1944, dozens and perhaps hundreds of Jews lived and slep inside the Vatican’s walls, out of the reach of deportation to concentration camps. (A precise, thoroughly documented study of who these Jewish refugees in the Vatican were is now being undertaken by the Vatican itself, under the supervision of Cardinal Raffaele Farina, chief librarian and archivist of the Vatican — the man in charge of the much-discussed Vatican secret archives — who sat next to me during Sister Marchione’s presentation, and who told me he has ordered the project to be completed “as soon as possible.”)
“We owe Pius XII an eternal debt of gratitude,” said Roman Senator Stefano de Lillo. “Without Pius, the city of Rome we love would not be here today, not in the form that it is. It would have been razed to the ground by bombing. It was Pius who negotiated a special status for Rome of ‘open city,’ meaning it would not be bombed.”
De Lillo went on to say that Pius also made the key decisions which helped save the lives of many thousands of Roman Jews whom the Nazis deciced to gather up and ship to concentration camps on October 16, 1943. Thousands fled to convents and monasteries, and found refuge for many months, until the end of the war, he said.
I myself have done research in this area — research I have regrettably been unable to complete due to lack of time and resources. But over the years I have managed to videotape conversations with Italian Jews who were living in Rome in 1943, and are still alive today, in their 80s or even their 90s. Each of the people I spoke with expressed gratitude to Pope Pius XII, on film, saying they owed their lives to the actions of Catholics who took them in that fateful day, after the Gestapo knocked on their door, and they fled, usually out the back, to places like the Lateran, for safe refuge. Two years ago I traveled to Israel to meet with the Jewish scholar, Michele Tagliacozzo, who lives on a kibbutz near Haifa, and has one of the most dramatic testimonies. He confirmed his appreciation of Pope Pius XII’s activity, to which he said he owed his own life, in more than four hours of video-taped conversation.
I turned my videotapes over to another facinating figure in this long battle over what is the truth about Pius XII, an American Jew from Queens, New York, named Gary Krupp. Along with his wife, Meredith, Krupp some years ago founded the “Pave the Way” Foundation to seek better understanding between Christians and Jews.
Krupp told me he originally was an opponent of Pius XII. Like so many others, he was fully persuaded that Pius was somehow a closet anti-Semite, somehow tacitly in favor of Hitler’s persecution of the Jews, somehow truly “Hitler’s Pope.”
Only when Krupp began to study the evidence — a good deal of it collected by Sister Marchione — did he change his view. He became convinced that an historical injustice of the highest order had been perpetrated against Pius.
“I changed my mind,” Gary repeated to me at dinner last night here in Rome.
(At the dinner, in a restaurant on Borgo Pio, tucked in the back in a separate room out of sight of the general crowd, in addition to a Vatican monsignor, an Irish priest, members of the Krupps’ board from New York City, and Jesus Colina, the founder of the new Catholic web site, Aleteia (“Truth,” in Greek), which will be launched in a few days, were Cardinal Renato Martino and Archbishop Carlo Maria Vigano, who was just named the new papal nuncio to the United States; Vigano is a man of extraordinary dignity and gentleness, and will be a very worthy successor to the late Archbishop Pietro Sambi, who was so well-loved by so many, and who sadly passed away due to unexpected complications after lung surgery this past summer.)
Krupp handed me a volume of documents.
“These documents persuaded me,” he told me. “And I was not only persuaded, I was moved almost to outrage, that the Jewish community had failed to understand the debt of gratitude it owes this man. I can understand why many Jews feel this way, because I too used to feel this way. But the evidence — the evidence shows that Pope Pius, far from being Hitler’s Pope, was Hitler’s opponent, and took enormous risks to help Jews. And this I, as a Jew, cannot overlook, or forget.”
I asked Krupp what one, single document seemed to him most persuasive.
“That’s a difficult question,” he said. “There are so many. But take a look at this…”
And he showed me this document, written by A. W. Klieforth, the American Consul General in Cologne, Germany, on March 3, 1939, just a few months before the outbreak of World War II on September 1 of that year. The document, on American Foreign Service Stationary, was marked: “Confidential.” It was addressed to Jay Pierrepont Moffat, Esquire, Chief of the Division of European Affairs, Department of State, Washington, DC.” Klieforth describes a personal meeting of several hours in the Vatican with Eugenio Pacelli, then Vatican Secretary of State, two years before he became Pope Pius XII.
“Dear Moffat:
“Even at the risk of duplication from other sources, may I transmit to you the following information concerning the new Pope.
“I knew Pacelli in Berlin when he was there as Papal Nuncio. Two years ago when I was in Rome on a holiday, I found the Sistine Chapel closed on the only day I was free to see it. I appealed to Pacelli, then Cardinal Secretary of State for special permission to see the Chapel. I got the permission but I did not see the Chapel after all as the Cardinal detained me for three solid hours and we discussed the situation in Germany.
“His views, while they are well-known, surprised me by their extremeness. He said that he opposed unalterably every compromise with National Socialism. He regarded Hitler not only as an untrustworthy scoundrel but as a fundamentally wicked person. He did not believe that Hitler was capable of moderation and in spite of appearances would end up in the camp of the left-wing Nazi extremists when he began his career. He told me that he supported the German Catholic bishops in their anti-Nazi stand. The risk of losing a large part of the Catholic youth in Germany, he said, was not as great as the consequences to the Catholic Church in general throughout the world in surrendering to the Nazis. At that time — it was two years ago — he did not want the German Catholics to do more in their opposition than to practice their religion openly and devoutly but, he added, ‘if the time comes, and there is no way out of the dilemma, they (the German Catholics) will know how to grasp stronger measures.’ Pacelli never gave me the impression of being a ‘peace at any price’ advocate!
“He was formerly in favor of the Bavarian monarchist movement which plans to unite Bavaria with Austria under the aegis of a monarch. He always believed that a strong federal Germany was a real dagger to the peace of Europe, and hence to the Church. He liked the German people and appreciated their good qualities but feared them as a strong united nation regardless of the circumstances.
“Pacelli, too, was prominent in the Vatican’s Russian policy. It was in this connection that I first learned to know him. At that time, I was working on Russian affairs. He ordained priests and even a bishop in his private chapel in Berlin, whereupon they left incognito for Soviet Russia. Their mission was to train and ordain priests in Soviet Russia. He was responsible, too, for a private college in Berlin fro the preparation for the Catholic priesthood of Russians, formerly members of the Russian orthodox church. The Church plans to use them in Russia when “Der Tag” comes along. A good many starved Russian ex-officers and noblemen were enlisted, not only in Germany, but in other European countries. Among them is a Prince Obelensky, a distant connection of Mrs. Kliefort. Pacelli’s early anti-Communist slant seemingly trained him for his later anti-Nazi one.
“With my greatings and best wishes, I am,
“Very sincerely yours,
“A.W. Klieforth
“American Consul General”
So the debate over the wartime role of Pope Pius XII continues, and the battle even intensifies, as the labors of people like Sister Margherita and Gary Krupp continue in a way all of us should appreciate and applaud.
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